Cognitive Development Theory Of Moral Judgment - 1082 Words

Introduction Jean Piaget is a famous psychologist who is professionally known for his pioneering work that he did in children’s development. His cognitive development theory has three key components, the first one is scheme, the second one is adaption which is an important process that helps a child to go from one stage another such equilibrium, accommodation and accommodation. The third one is cognitive development with four different sub theory such as, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational (McLeod, 2015). The focus of this assignment will be on sensorium stage and theory of moral judgment. Sensorimotor stage from birth to 2 years. Piaget’s was against applying age norms to the stages, different†¦show more content†¦A child might know the world â€Å"apple†, but haven’t seen a real apple yet. (Etc.edu.cn, Massey.ac.nz, 2017). But, the child at the preoperational stage still learns from concrete evidence while adults learn in abstract way. Meanwhile, here are a few limitations to the preoperational stage. To start with, child in preoperational stage may lack the concept of conversation. For instance, a child is given two rows of apples that have the same number of apple. But, one of the rows is longer than the other one without changing the number of apple. Child at the preoperational stage states that rows lengths are not same. Because, the look of the objects gave the wrong impression about them to the child. Mostly, children’s decision making depends on their perception (Etc.edu.cn,2017). Saul Mcleod , (2014), Limitations in the Child s Thinking [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/preoperational.html Additionally, conservation does not occur simultaneously in all subject areas. Children do understand the conservation of numbers often at age of 5-6 and do understand conservation of substance. Conservation is something that stays the in terms of quantity even when the appearance changes. In technical words, conservation helps to understand redistributing materials that doesn’t have impact on its mass, volume or number (Saul Mcleod , 2014). Kathleen Stassen Berger in her book called ‘The developing person through the life span second edition’ stated thatShow MoreRelatedKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theory of stages of moral development and participated actively in the development of the fields of moral psychology and moral education. Kohlberg was especially inspired by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development. Mark Baldwin, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’s theory and discuss an article that uses Kohlberg’s theory to fosterRead MoreThe Construct Of Empathy, By Great Thinkers From Various Disciplines1669 Words   |  7 Pages The construct of empathy attracts the interest of academics from various fields of study, particularly in subfields of psychology. Its function and associated processes in moral development have been discussed for centuries by great thinkers from various disciplines. Hoffman (1982) defines empathy as â€Å"an affective response more appropriate to another’s situation than one’s own†. Nonetheless, the notion of empathy has always been a complex concept, and the lack of uniformity in the usage and understandingRead MoreOn The Acquisition And Nature Of Morality1662 Words   |  7 Pagesinstill morals Michael Cravey mc44996 6008619005919804 Freshman first semester The University of Texas at Austin In an article titled Conceptual and Informational Features in Moral Decision Making, Cecilia Wainryb and Elliot Turiel discuss how we are presented with the problem of how best to educate morally with the answer potentially lying in teaching methods that take morality attainment processes into account. An explanation of such processes is linked with the attributes of moral decision-makingRead MoreThe Link betwen Morality and Human Nature1385 Words   |  6 Pagesancient times (Prinz, 2008). Moral development is a characteristic of a person’s general development that transpires over the course of a lifetime. Moral development is derived by a wide variety of cultural and demographic factors that appear to influence morally relevant actions. Turiel (2006) defined morality as an individuals â€Å"prescriptive judgments of justice, rights, and welfare pertaining to how people ought to relate to each other.† Individuals’ moral judgments are frequently considered toRea d MoreOutlining Two Theories of Development Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of child development have been researched and published over the years. These researches have been done by popular theorists four of whom are Piaget (1896 –1980), Vygotsky (1896 –1934), Ausubel (1918 –2008) and Kohlberg (1927 –1987). First and foremost let me define the term theory. A theory is a collection of related statements; the principal function of which is to summarize and explain observations. It is in a sense an invention designed to make sense of what we know or suspect. DevelopmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of The And Social Theory1468 Words   |  6 Pagesregarded as a personal matter according to an informal survey (Nichols Mallon, 2006). Greene dual moral processes For a long time, theories of moral psychology largely ignored the role of cognitive reasoning in reference to moral judgment; instead the research focused predominantly on the role of emotion and affective intuition in moral judgments. Typically, two research questions are the focus in moral psychology: â€Å"Why do we care about what others do even if what they do does not affect us?† andRead MoreJoan Eriksons Stages Of Psychosocial Development792 Words   |  4 PagesEriksons stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, in collaboration with Joan Erikson,[1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. All stages are present at birth but only begin to unfold according to both a natural scheme and ones ecological and cultural upbringing. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challengesRead MoreLaw rence Kohlberg ´s Development and Moral Reasoning819 Words   |  3 Pageswhich laid the foundation for the basis of his theories of how moral and faith development is created. He hypothesized that there are six stage-like positions for the development of moral reasoning. Piaget’s focus consisted of a subject knowing and interacting with a well versed environment. Where Piaget was concerned how the person knows the world scientifically and mathematically, Kohlberg focused on how the person structured their experiences and judgments about the social world. Kohlberg also saysRead MoreDescribe and Evaluate Any Two Theories in Developmental Psychology1220 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe and evaluate any two theories in developmental psychology. By Aimee Kaur This paper will focus on two theories in moral development within developmental Psychology. There are three components to our morality; these are emotional, cognitive and behavioural. Shaffer (1993) described morals as a â€Å"set of principles or ideals that help the individual to distinguish right from wrong and to act on this decision† In his book The Moral Judgement of the Child (1932), Piaget states that allRead MoreMoral Development : Moral And Character Development886 Words   |  4 PagesMoral and Character Development Although moral development has addressed from different models or approaches to psychological and educational, it is the cognitive-developmental approach; they are given more importance. For the definition of the cognitive, means that moral development has its bases in the stimulation of the reasoning of the person about circumstances and decisions regarding situations of interpersonal relationship. The role of thinking is necessary, and above all the how and

In My Creative Nonfiction Genre Proposal, I Stated That,

In my creative nonfiction genre proposal, I stated that, â€Å"my [creative writing project s] focus will be literary essays that address humanity’s universal desire for a sense of identity and belonging; these essays will be written from a personal perspective, containing anecdotes, internal conflicts, and external opinions† (1). A little over ten weeks later, I believe I have achieved this goal in my final draft because of the stylistic approaches and revisions I made with the help of the Creative Writing Seminar workshops. My final draft for the project consists of eight essays that address several personal experiences from my life. I discuss various subjects ranging from one’s origins to the meaning of I love you; while each essay differs†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"Happy Birthday,† I took a snapshot approach, and with the critiques from Dr. Mattix and my classmates, I also incorporated present tense throughout the essay. â€Å"For Sanityâ €™s Sake† is styled after Cynthia Orzick’s â€Å"A Drugstore in Winter;† Orzick’s essay helped me create a list-like structure that I had never written before. In â€Å"I Love You,† I followed the style of Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Bop,† by writing the majority of the essay in dialogue. The stylistic choices I made with each essay helped further the overarching theme, yet the editing process is where my essays became refined. Revision has always been my favorite part of the writing process, yet this seminar class tested just how far I was willing to go to edit a piece of writing. Several of my essays address extremely personal matters, and these works were difficult to edit because of their sensitive subject matters. These essays tempted me to develop an unhealthy, protective attachment, which would have caused me to resist any editorial suggestions. In order to solve a majority of this problem, I strove to view my essays as imperfect art rather than a page from my personal journal. Despite this challenging revision process, I believe that my edits greatly enhanced my collection of essays by making them more potent, clearer, and more polished. Overall, I consistently worked onShow MoreRelatedEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesCriticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license. The following sections

Project Report on Inventory Control Techniques free essay sample

Inventories constitute most significant part of assets of large majority of the companies in India. Inventory a double edged sword is usually an asset of an organization, if not used properly it will become liability. It is therefore absolutely important to manage inventories efficiently and effectively in order to overcome unnecessary investment. Improper inventory management affects long term profitability and may fail ultimately. 10 to 20% of inventory can be reduced without any adverse effect on production and sales by using simple inventory planning and control techniques The scope of inventory management concerns the fine lines between replenishment lead time, carrying costs of inventory, asset management, inventory forecasting, inventory valuation, inventory visibility, future inventory price forecasting, physical inventory, available physical space for inventory, quality management, replenishment, returns and defective goods, and demand forecasting. Balancing these competing requirements leads to optimal inventory levels, which is an on-going process as the business needs shift and react to the wider environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Report on Inventory Control Techniques or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Inventory management involves a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs are kept in check. It also involves systems and processes that identify inventory requirements, set targets, provide replenishment techniques, report actual and projected inventory status and handle all functions related to the tracking and management of material. This would include the monitoring of material moved into and out of stockroom locations and the reconciling of the inventory balances. It also may include  ABC analysis, lot tracking, cycle counting support, etc. Management of the inventories, with the primary objective of determining/controlling stock levels within the physical distribution system, functions to balance the need for product availability against the need for minimizing stock holding and handling costs. The company has won many laurels, best entrepreneur by the department of industries and commerce (1998 and 1999) and best entrepreneur by the Management Association and Business Deepika. The mission statement of the company is to provide beneficial and innovative product in time to the customers at competitive prices that represent the high value for the money in the industry. Studies made by various researches indicate that the inventories account for nearly 60 per cent of production cost. The company is trying to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of its functions and now introduce a system in inventory management. Inventory Management is the most challenging task for the management. Emphasized the need to maintain inventories to smoothen production and sales operations, which is for the day-to-day use. Holding of inventories is necessary to protect against the risk of unpredictable changes in the market.

Competitive Analysis Porter’s Five-Forces Model free essay sample

The collective impact of competitive forces is so brutal in some industries that the market is clearly â€Å"unattractive† from a profit-making standpoint. Rivalry among existing firms is severe, new rivals can enter the industry with relative ease, and both suppliers and customers can exercise considerable bargaining leverage. According to Porter, the nature of competitiveness in a given industry can be viewed as a composite of five forces: 1. 2. FIGURE 3-3 The Five-Forces Model of Competition Potential development of substitute products Rivalry among competing firms Potential entry of new competitors Bargaining power of suppliers Rivalry among competing firms Bargaining power of consumers Potential entry of new competitors CHAPTER 3 †¢ THE EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT 75 TABLE 3-10 Intensity of Competition Among Firms in Different Industries (A through H industries only) Year-End Profit Margin 2006 2008 6 2 5 1 7 5 16 8 18 6 12 4 7 3 2 10 10 2 5 0 4 3 3 5 4 3 4 6 7 8 -13 9 -8 3 5 5 10 32 4 -1 7 7 1 3 -10 12 2 7 1 7 -10 3 2 2 3 1 -47 -5 Year-End Return on Investment 2006 2008 6 2 8 3 4 5 1. 3 7 8 7 1 5 8 3 4 4 6 5 6 1 7 4 5 8 4 9 6 6 3 8 -14 34 -10 2 6 0. 3 12 20 5 0 3 9 2 5 -3 2 4 7 1 11 -8 5 4 3 7 1 -43 0 Industry Aerospace and Defense Airlines Apparel Automotive Retailing Beverages Chemicals Commercial Banks Computer Peripherals Computer Software Computers, Office Equipment Diversified Financials Diversified Outsourcing Services Electronics, Electrical Equipment Energy Engineering, Construction Entertainment Financial Data Services Food and Drug Stores Food Consumer Products Food Production Food Services Forest and Paper Products General Merchandisers Health Care: Insurance Health Care: Medical Facilities Health Care: Pharmacy Home Equipment/Furnishings Homebuilders Hotels, Casinos, Resorts Source: Based on John Moore, â€Å"Ranked Within Industries,† Fortune (May 4, 2009): F-46–F-60. We will write a custom essay sample on Competitive Analysis: Porter’s Five-Forces Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. 4. 5. Potential development of substitute products Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of consumers The following three steps for using Porter’s Five-Forces Model can indicate whether competition in a given industry is such that the firm can make an acceptable profit: 1. 2. 3. Identify key aspects or elements of each competitive force that impact the firm. Evaluate how strong and important each element is for the firm. Decide whether the collective strength of the elements is worth the firm entering or staying in the industry. Rivalry Among Competing Firms Rivalry among competing firms is usually the most powerful of the five competitive forces. The strategies pursued by one firm can be successful only to the extent that they 76 PART 2 †¢ STRATEGY FORMULATION provide competitive advantage over the strategies pursued by rival firms. Changes in strategy by one firm may be met with retaliatory countermoves, such as lowering prices, enhancing quality, adding features, providing services, extending warranties, and increasing advertising. Free-flowing information on the Internet is driving down prices and inflation worldwide. The Internet, coupled with the common currency in Europe, enables consumers to make price comparisons easily across countries. Just for a moment, consider the implications for car dealers who used to know everything about a new car’s pricing, while you, the consumer, knew very little. You could bargain, but being in the dark, you rarely could win. Now you can shop online in a few hours at every dealership within 500 miles to find the best price and terms. So you, the consumer, can win. This is true in many, if not most, business-to-consumer and business-to-business sales transactions today. The intensity of rivalry among competing firms tends to increase as the number of competitors increases, as competitors become more equal in size and capability, as demand for the industry’s products declines, and as price cutting becomes common. Rivalry also increases when consumers can switch brands easily; when barriers to leaving the market are high; when fixed costs are high; when the product is perishable; when consumer demand is growing slowly or declines such that rivals have excess capacity and/or inventory; when the products being sold are commodities (not easily differentiated such as gasoline); when rival firms are diverse in strategies, origins, and culture; and when mergers and acquisitions are common in the industry. As rivalry among competing firms intensifies, industry profits decline, in some cases to the point where an industry becomes inherently unattractive. When rival firms sense weakness, typically they will intensify both marketing and production efforts to capitalize on the â€Å"opportunity. † Table 3-11 summarizes conditions that cause high rivalry among competing firms. Potential Entry of New Competitors Whenever new firms can easily enter a particular industry, the intensity of competitiveness among firms increases. Barriers to entry, however, can include the need to gain economies of scale quickly, the need to gain technology and specialized know-how, the lack of experience, strong customer loyalty, strong brand preferences, large capital requirements, lack of adequate distribution channels, government regulatory policies, tariffs, lack of access to TABLE 3-11 Conditions That Cause High Rivalry Among Competing Firms 1. High number of competing firms 2. Similar size of firms competing 3. Similar capability of firms competing 4. Falling demand for the industry’s products 5. Falling product/service prices in the industry 6. When consumers can switch brands easily 7. When barriers to leaving the market are high 8. When barriers to entering the market are low 9. When fixed costs are high among firms competing 10. When the product is perishable 11. When rivals have excess capacity 12. When consumer demand is falling 13. When rivals have excess inventory 14. When rivals sell similar products/services 15. When mergers are common in the industry CHAPTER 3 †¢ THE EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT 77 raw materials, possession of patents, undesirable locations, counterattack by entrenched firms, and potential saturation of the market. Despite numerous barriers to entry, new firms sometimes enter industries with higher-quality products, lower prices, and substantial marketing resources. The strategist’s job, therefore, is to identify potential new firms entering the market, to monitor the new rival firms’ strategies, to counterattack as needed, and to capitalize on existing strengths and opportunities. When the threat of new firms entering the market is strong, incumbent firms generally fortify their positions and take actions to deter new entrants, such as lowering prices, extending warranties, adding features, or offering financing specials. Potential Development of Substitute Products In many industries, firms are in close competition with producers of substitute products in other industries. Examples are plastic container producers competing with glass, paperboard, and aluminum can producers, and acetaminophen manufacturers competing with other manufacturers of pain and headache remedies. The presence of substitute products puts a ceiling on the price that can be charged before consumers will switch to the substitute product. Price ceilings equate to profit ceilings and more intense competition among rivals. Producers of eyeglasses and contact lenses, for example, face increasing competitive pressures from laser eye surgery. Producers of sugar face similar pressures from artificial sweeteners. Newspapers and magazines face substitute-product competitive pressures from the Internet and 24-hour cable television. The magnitude of competitive pressure derived from development of substitute products is generally evidenced by rivals’ plans for expanding production capacity, as well as by their sales and profit growth numbers. Competitive pressures arising from substitute products increase as the relative price of substitute products declines and as consumers’ switching costs decrease. The competitive strength of substitute products is best measured by the inroads into the market share those products obtain, as well as those firms’ plans for increased capacity and market penetration. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers affects the intensity of competition in an industry, especially when there is a large number of suppliers, when there are only a few good substitute raw materials, or when the cost of switching raw materials is especially costly. It is often in the best interest of both suppliers and producers to assist each other with reasonable prices, improved quality, development of new services, just-in-time deliveries, and reduced inventory costs, thus enhancing long-term profitability for all concerned. Firms may pursue a backward integration strategy to gain control or ownership of suppliers. This strategy is especially effective when suppliers are unreliable, too costly, or not capable of meeting a firm’s needs on a consistent basis. Firms generally can negotiate more favorable terms with suppliers when backward integration is a commonly used strategy among rival firms in an industry. However, in many industries it is more economical to use outside suppliers of component parts than to self-manufacture the items. This is true, for example, in the outdoor power equipment industry where producers of lawn mowers, rotary tillers, leaf blowers, and edgers such as Murray generally obtain their small engines from outside manufacturers such as Briggs Stratton who specialize in such engines and have huge economies of scale. In more and more industries, sellers are forging strategic partnerships with select suppliers in efforts to (1) reduce inventory and logistics costs (e. g. through just-in-time deliveries); (2) speed the availability of next-generation components; (3) enhance the quality of the parts and components being supplied and reduce defect rates; and (4) squeeze out important cost savings for both themselves and their suppliers. 13 Bargaining Power of Consumers When customers are concentrated or large or buy in volume, their bargaining power represents a major force affecting the intensity of competition in an industry. Rival firms may 78 PART 2 †¢ STRATEGY FORMULATION offer extended warranties or special services to gain customer loyalty whenever the bargaining power of consumers is substantial. Bargaining power of consumers also is higher when the products being purchased are standard or undifferentiated. When this is the case, consumers often can negotiate selling price, warranty coverage, and accessory packages to a greater extent. The bargaining power of consumers can be the most important force affecting competitive advantage. Consumers gain increasing bargaining power under the following circumstances: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. If they can inexpensively switch to competing brands or substitutes If they are particularly important to the seller If sellers are struggling in the face of falling consumer demand If they are informed about sellers’ products, prices, and costs If they have discretion in whether and when they purchase the product14