Cognitive Development Theory Of Moral Judgment - 1082 Words

Introduction Jean Piaget is a famous psychologist who is professionally known for his pioneering work that he did in children’s development. His cognitive development theory has three key components, the first one is scheme, the second one is adaption which is an important process that helps a child to go from one stage another such equilibrium, accommodation and accommodation. The third one is cognitive development with four different sub theory such as, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational (McLeod, 2015). The focus of this assignment will be on sensorium stage and theory of moral judgment. Sensorimotor stage from birth to 2 years. Piaget’s was against applying age norms to the stages, different†¦show more content†¦A child might know the world â€Å"apple†, but haven’t seen a real apple yet. (Etc.edu.cn, Massey.ac.nz, 2017). But, the child at the preoperational stage still learns from concrete evidence while adults learn in abstract way. Meanwhile, here are a few limitations to the preoperational stage. To start with, child in preoperational stage may lack the concept of conversation. For instance, a child is given two rows of apples that have the same number of apple. But, one of the rows is longer than the other one without changing the number of apple. Child at the preoperational stage states that rows lengths are not same. Because, the look of the objects gave the wrong impression about them to the child. Mostly, children’s decision making depends on their perception (Etc.edu.cn,2017). Saul Mcleod , (2014), Limitations in the Child s Thinking [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/preoperational.html Additionally, conservation does not occur simultaneously in all subject areas. Children do understand the conservation of numbers often at age of 5-6 and do understand conservation of substance. Conservation is something that stays the in terms of quantity even when the appearance changes. In technical words, conservation helps to understand redistributing materials that doesn’t have impact on its mass, volume or number (Saul Mcleod , 2014). Kathleen Stassen Berger in her book called ‘The developing person through the life span second edition’ stated thatShow MoreRelatedKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theory of stages of moral development and participated actively in the development of the fields of moral psychology and moral education. Kohlberg was especially inspired by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development. Mark Baldwin, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’s theory and discuss an article that uses Kohlberg’s theory to fosterRead MoreThe Construct Of Empathy, By Great Thinkers From Various Disciplines1669 Words   |  7 Pages The construct of empathy attracts the interest of academics from various fields of study, particularly in subfields of psychology. Its function and associated processes in moral development have been discussed for centuries by great thinkers from various disciplines. Hoffman (1982) defines empathy as â€Å"an affective response more appropriate to another’s situation than one’s own†. Nonetheless, the notion of empathy has always been a complex concept, and the lack of uniformity in the usage and understandingRead MoreOn The Acquisition And Nature Of Morality1662 Words   |  7 Pagesinstill morals Michael Cravey mc44996 6008619005919804 Freshman first semester The University of Texas at Austin In an article titled Conceptual and Informational Features in Moral Decision Making, Cecilia Wainryb and Elliot Turiel discuss how we are presented with the problem of how best to educate morally with the answer potentially lying in teaching methods that take morality attainment processes into account. An explanation of such processes is linked with the attributes of moral decision-makingRead MoreThe Link betwen Morality and Human Nature1385 Words   |  6 Pagesancient times (Prinz, 2008). Moral development is a characteristic of a person’s general development that transpires over the course of a lifetime. Moral development is derived by a wide variety of cultural and demographic factors that appear to influence morally relevant actions. Turiel (2006) defined morality as an individuals â€Å"prescriptive judgments of justice, rights, and welfare pertaining to how people ought to relate to each other.† Individuals’ moral judgments are frequently considered toRea d MoreOutlining Two Theories of Development Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of child development have been researched and published over the years. These researches have been done by popular theorists four of whom are Piaget (1896 –1980), Vygotsky (1896 –1934), Ausubel (1918 –2008) and Kohlberg (1927 –1987). First and foremost let me define the term theory. A theory is a collection of related statements; the principal function of which is to summarize and explain observations. It is in a sense an invention designed to make sense of what we know or suspect. DevelopmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of The And Social Theory1468 Words   |  6 Pagesregarded as a personal matter according to an informal survey (Nichols Mallon, 2006). Greene dual moral processes For a long time, theories of moral psychology largely ignored the role of cognitive reasoning in reference to moral judgment; instead the research focused predominantly on the role of emotion and affective intuition in moral judgments. Typically, two research questions are the focus in moral psychology: â€Å"Why do we care about what others do even if what they do does not affect us?† andRead MoreJoan Eriksons Stages Of Psychosocial Development792 Words   |  4 PagesEriksons stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, in collaboration with Joan Erikson,[1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. All stages are present at birth but only begin to unfold according to both a natural scheme and ones ecological and cultural upbringing. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challengesRead MoreLaw rence Kohlberg ´s Development and Moral Reasoning819 Words   |  3 Pageswhich laid the foundation for the basis of his theories of how moral and faith development is created. He hypothesized that there are six stage-like positions for the development of moral reasoning. Piaget’s focus consisted of a subject knowing and interacting with a well versed environment. Where Piaget was concerned how the person knows the world scientifically and mathematically, Kohlberg focused on how the person structured their experiences and judgments about the social world. Kohlberg also saysRead MoreDescribe and Evaluate Any Two Theories in Developmental Psychology1220 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe and evaluate any two theories in developmental psychology. By Aimee Kaur This paper will focus on two theories in moral development within developmental Psychology. There are three components to our morality; these are emotional, cognitive and behavioural. Shaffer (1993) described morals as a â€Å"set of principles or ideals that help the individual to distinguish right from wrong and to act on this decision† In his book The Moral Judgement of the Child (1932), Piaget states that allRead MoreMoral Development : Moral And Character Development886 Words   |  4 PagesMoral and Character Development Although moral development has addressed from different models or approaches to psychological and educational, it is the cognitive-developmental approach; they are given more importance. For the definition of the cognitive, means that moral development has its bases in the stimulation of the reasoning of the person about circumstances and decisions regarding situations of interpersonal relationship. The role of thinking is necessary, and above all the how and

In My Creative Nonfiction Genre Proposal, I Stated That,

In my creative nonfiction genre proposal, I stated that, â€Å"my [creative writing project s] focus will be literary essays that address humanity’s universal desire for a sense of identity and belonging; these essays will be written from a personal perspective, containing anecdotes, internal conflicts, and external opinions† (1). A little over ten weeks later, I believe I have achieved this goal in my final draft because of the stylistic approaches and revisions I made with the help of the Creative Writing Seminar workshops. My final draft for the project consists of eight essays that address several personal experiences from my life. I discuss various subjects ranging from one’s origins to the meaning of I love you; while each essay differs†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"Happy Birthday,† I took a snapshot approach, and with the critiques from Dr. Mattix and my classmates, I also incorporated present tense throughout the essay. â€Å"For Sanityâ €™s Sake† is styled after Cynthia Orzick’s â€Å"A Drugstore in Winter;† Orzick’s essay helped me create a list-like structure that I had never written before. In â€Å"I Love You,† I followed the style of Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Bop,† by writing the majority of the essay in dialogue. The stylistic choices I made with each essay helped further the overarching theme, yet the editing process is where my essays became refined. Revision has always been my favorite part of the writing process, yet this seminar class tested just how far I was willing to go to edit a piece of writing. Several of my essays address extremely personal matters, and these works were difficult to edit because of their sensitive subject matters. These essays tempted me to develop an unhealthy, protective attachment, which would have caused me to resist any editorial suggestions. In order to solve a majority of this problem, I strove to view my essays as imperfect art rather than a page from my personal journal. Despite this challenging revision process, I believe that my edits greatly enhanced my collection of essays by making them more potent, clearer, and more polished. Overall, I consistently worked onShow MoreRelatedEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesCriticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license. The following sections

Project Report on Inventory Control Techniques free essay sample

Inventories constitute most significant part of assets of large majority of the companies in India. Inventory a double edged sword is usually an asset of an organization, if not used properly it will become liability. It is therefore absolutely important to manage inventories efficiently and effectively in order to overcome unnecessary investment. Improper inventory management affects long term profitability and may fail ultimately. 10 to 20% of inventory can be reduced without any adverse effect on production and sales by using simple inventory planning and control techniques The scope of inventory management concerns the fine lines between replenishment lead time, carrying costs of inventory, asset management, inventory forecasting, inventory valuation, inventory visibility, future inventory price forecasting, physical inventory, available physical space for inventory, quality management, replenishment, returns and defective goods, and demand forecasting. Balancing these competing requirements leads to optimal inventory levels, which is an on-going process as the business needs shift and react to the wider environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Report on Inventory Control Techniques or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Inventory management involves a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs are kept in check. It also involves systems and processes that identify inventory requirements, set targets, provide replenishment techniques, report actual and projected inventory status and handle all functions related to the tracking and management of material. This would include the monitoring of material moved into and out of stockroom locations and the reconciling of the inventory balances. It also may include  ABC analysis, lot tracking, cycle counting support, etc. Management of the inventories, with the primary objective of determining/controlling stock levels within the physical distribution system, functions to balance the need for product availability against the need for minimizing stock holding and handling costs. The company has won many laurels, best entrepreneur by the department of industries and commerce (1998 and 1999) and best entrepreneur by the Management Association and Business Deepika. The mission statement of the company is to provide beneficial and innovative product in time to the customers at competitive prices that represent the high value for the money in the industry. Studies made by various researches indicate that the inventories account for nearly 60 per cent of production cost. The company is trying to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of its functions and now introduce a system in inventory management. Inventory Management is the most challenging task for the management. Emphasized the need to maintain inventories to smoothen production and sales operations, which is for the day-to-day use. Holding of inventories is necessary to protect against the risk of unpredictable changes in the market.

Competitive Analysis Porter’s Five-Forces Model free essay sample

The collective impact of competitive forces is so brutal in some industries that the market is clearly â€Å"unattractive† from a profit-making standpoint. Rivalry among existing firms is severe, new rivals can enter the industry with relative ease, and both suppliers and customers can exercise considerable bargaining leverage. According to Porter, the nature of competitiveness in a given industry can be viewed as a composite of five forces: 1. 2. FIGURE 3-3 The Five-Forces Model of Competition Potential development of substitute products Rivalry among competing firms Potential entry of new competitors Bargaining power of suppliers Rivalry among competing firms Bargaining power of consumers Potential entry of new competitors CHAPTER 3 †¢ THE EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT 75 TABLE 3-10 Intensity of Competition Among Firms in Different Industries (A through H industries only) Year-End Profit Margin 2006 2008 6 2 5 1 7 5 16 8 18 6 12 4 7 3 2 10 10 2 5 0 4 3 3 5 4 3 4 6 7 8 -13 9 -8 3 5 5 10 32 4 -1 7 7 1 3 -10 12 2 7 1 7 -10 3 2 2 3 1 -47 -5 Year-End Return on Investment 2006 2008 6 2 8 3 4 5 1. 3 7 8 7 1 5 8 3 4 4 6 5 6 1 7 4 5 8 4 9 6 6 3 8 -14 34 -10 2 6 0. 3 12 20 5 0 3 9 2 5 -3 2 4 7 1 11 -8 5 4 3 7 1 -43 0 Industry Aerospace and Defense Airlines Apparel Automotive Retailing Beverages Chemicals Commercial Banks Computer Peripherals Computer Software Computers, Office Equipment Diversified Financials Diversified Outsourcing Services Electronics, Electrical Equipment Energy Engineering, Construction Entertainment Financial Data Services Food and Drug Stores Food Consumer Products Food Production Food Services Forest and Paper Products General Merchandisers Health Care: Insurance Health Care: Medical Facilities Health Care: Pharmacy Home Equipment/Furnishings Homebuilders Hotels, Casinos, Resorts Source: Based on John Moore, â€Å"Ranked Within Industries,† Fortune (May 4, 2009): F-46–F-60. We will write a custom essay sample on Competitive Analysis: Porter’s Five-Forces Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. 4. 5. Potential development of substitute products Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of consumers The following three steps for using Porter’s Five-Forces Model can indicate whether competition in a given industry is such that the firm can make an acceptable profit: 1. 2. 3. Identify key aspects or elements of each competitive force that impact the firm. Evaluate how strong and important each element is for the firm. Decide whether the collective strength of the elements is worth the firm entering or staying in the industry. Rivalry Among Competing Firms Rivalry among competing firms is usually the most powerful of the five competitive forces. The strategies pursued by one firm can be successful only to the extent that they 76 PART 2 †¢ STRATEGY FORMULATION provide competitive advantage over the strategies pursued by rival firms. Changes in strategy by one firm may be met with retaliatory countermoves, such as lowering prices, enhancing quality, adding features, providing services, extending warranties, and increasing advertising. Free-flowing information on the Internet is driving down prices and inflation worldwide. The Internet, coupled with the common currency in Europe, enables consumers to make price comparisons easily across countries. Just for a moment, consider the implications for car dealers who used to know everything about a new car’s pricing, while you, the consumer, knew very little. You could bargain, but being in the dark, you rarely could win. Now you can shop online in a few hours at every dealership within 500 miles to find the best price and terms. So you, the consumer, can win. This is true in many, if not most, business-to-consumer and business-to-business sales transactions today. The intensity of rivalry among competing firms tends to increase as the number of competitors increases, as competitors become more equal in size and capability, as demand for the industry’s products declines, and as price cutting becomes common. Rivalry also increases when consumers can switch brands easily; when barriers to leaving the market are high; when fixed costs are high; when the product is perishable; when consumer demand is growing slowly or declines such that rivals have excess capacity and/or inventory; when the products being sold are commodities (not easily differentiated such as gasoline); when rival firms are diverse in strategies, origins, and culture; and when mergers and acquisitions are common in the industry. As rivalry among competing firms intensifies, industry profits decline, in some cases to the point where an industry becomes inherently unattractive. When rival firms sense weakness, typically they will intensify both marketing and production efforts to capitalize on the â€Å"opportunity. † Table 3-11 summarizes conditions that cause high rivalry among competing firms. Potential Entry of New Competitors Whenever new firms can easily enter a particular industry, the intensity of competitiveness among firms increases. Barriers to entry, however, can include the need to gain economies of scale quickly, the need to gain technology and specialized know-how, the lack of experience, strong customer loyalty, strong brand preferences, large capital requirements, lack of adequate distribution channels, government regulatory policies, tariffs, lack of access to TABLE 3-11 Conditions That Cause High Rivalry Among Competing Firms 1. High number of competing firms 2. Similar size of firms competing 3. Similar capability of firms competing 4. Falling demand for the industry’s products 5. Falling product/service prices in the industry 6. When consumers can switch brands easily 7. When barriers to leaving the market are high 8. When barriers to entering the market are low 9. When fixed costs are high among firms competing 10. When the product is perishable 11. When rivals have excess capacity 12. When consumer demand is falling 13. When rivals have excess inventory 14. When rivals sell similar products/services 15. When mergers are common in the industry CHAPTER 3 †¢ THE EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT 77 raw materials, possession of patents, undesirable locations, counterattack by entrenched firms, and potential saturation of the market. Despite numerous barriers to entry, new firms sometimes enter industries with higher-quality products, lower prices, and substantial marketing resources. The strategist’s job, therefore, is to identify potential new firms entering the market, to monitor the new rival firms’ strategies, to counterattack as needed, and to capitalize on existing strengths and opportunities. When the threat of new firms entering the market is strong, incumbent firms generally fortify their positions and take actions to deter new entrants, such as lowering prices, extending warranties, adding features, or offering financing specials. Potential Development of Substitute Products In many industries, firms are in close competition with producers of substitute products in other industries. Examples are plastic container producers competing with glass, paperboard, and aluminum can producers, and acetaminophen manufacturers competing with other manufacturers of pain and headache remedies. The presence of substitute products puts a ceiling on the price that can be charged before consumers will switch to the substitute product. Price ceilings equate to profit ceilings and more intense competition among rivals. Producers of eyeglasses and contact lenses, for example, face increasing competitive pressures from laser eye surgery. Producers of sugar face similar pressures from artificial sweeteners. Newspapers and magazines face substitute-product competitive pressures from the Internet and 24-hour cable television. The magnitude of competitive pressure derived from development of substitute products is generally evidenced by rivals’ plans for expanding production capacity, as well as by their sales and profit growth numbers. Competitive pressures arising from substitute products increase as the relative price of substitute products declines and as consumers’ switching costs decrease. The competitive strength of substitute products is best measured by the inroads into the market share those products obtain, as well as those firms’ plans for increased capacity and market penetration. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers affects the intensity of competition in an industry, especially when there is a large number of suppliers, when there are only a few good substitute raw materials, or when the cost of switching raw materials is especially costly. It is often in the best interest of both suppliers and producers to assist each other with reasonable prices, improved quality, development of new services, just-in-time deliveries, and reduced inventory costs, thus enhancing long-term profitability for all concerned. Firms may pursue a backward integration strategy to gain control or ownership of suppliers. This strategy is especially effective when suppliers are unreliable, too costly, or not capable of meeting a firm’s needs on a consistent basis. Firms generally can negotiate more favorable terms with suppliers when backward integration is a commonly used strategy among rival firms in an industry. However, in many industries it is more economical to use outside suppliers of component parts than to self-manufacture the items. This is true, for example, in the outdoor power equipment industry where producers of lawn mowers, rotary tillers, leaf blowers, and edgers such as Murray generally obtain their small engines from outside manufacturers such as Briggs Stratton who specialize in such engines and have huge economies of scale. In more and more industries, sellers are forging strategic partnerships with select suppliers in efforts to (1) reduce inventory and logistics costs (e. g. through just-in-time deliveries); (2) speed the availability of next-generation components; (3) enhance the quality of the parts and components being supplied and reduce defect rates; and (4) squeeze out important cost savings for both themselves and their suppliers. 13 Bargaining Power of Consumers When customers are concentrated or large or buy in volume, their bargaining power represents a major force affecting the intensity of competition in an industry. Rival firms may 78 PART 2 †¢ STRATEGY FORMULATION offer extended warranties or special services to gain customer loyalty whenever the bargaining power of consumers is substantial. Bargaining power of consumers also is higher when the products being purchased are standard or undifferentiated. When this is the case, consumers often can negotiate selling price, warranty coverage, and accessory packages to a greater extent. The bargaining power of consumers can be the most important force affecting competitive advantage. Consumers gain increasing bargaining power under the following circumstances: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. If they can inexpensively switch to competing brands or substitutes If they are particularly important to the seller If sellers are struggling in the face of falling consumer demand If they are informed about sellers’ products, prices, and costs If they have discretion in whether and when they purchase the product14

Hydroponics and Aeroponics Research free essay sample

Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only or in an inert medium, such as perlite,gravel ,mineral wool,expanded clayor coconut husk . Some of the reasons why hydroponics is being adapted around the world for food production are the following: No soil is needed for hydroponics The water stays in the system and can be reused thus, lower water costs It is possible to control the nutrition levels in their entirety thus, lower nutrition costs No nutrition pollution is released into the environment because of the controlled system Stable and high yields Pests and diseases are easier to get rid of than in soil because of the containers mobility It is easier to harvest No pesticide damage Today, hydroponics is an established branch of agronomy. We will write a custom essay sample on Hydroponics and Aeroponics Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Progress has been rapid, and results obtained in various countries have proved it to be thoroughly practical and to have very definite advantages over conventional methods of horticulture. There are two chief merits of the soil-less cultivation of plants. First, hydroponics may potentially produce much higher crop yields. Also, hydroponics can be used in places where in-ground agriculture or gardening are not possible. Ideal Hydroponics growing conditions (1) Temperature:An ideal temperature range should be from 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit, during lights-on cycle and from 64 to 71 degrees Fahrenheit during light-off cycle. The ideal day time growing temperature without CO2 augmentation is 73 degrees Fahrennheit/23 degrees Centigrade whereas, without CO2 augmentation is 76 degrees Fahrenheit/24. 5 degrees Centigrade. (2)Temperature for the root zone:It is very important to understand that if you are growing your hydroponic plants are in cement slabs or basements; do not place the pots on the floor because this can drop the temperature of the root zone, which can destroy your hydroponic plants. The ideal root zone temperature is 68 degrees Fahrenheit. 3)Temperature for water or nutrient solution: The ideal temperature for water or nutrient solution is from 66 to 71 degrees Fahrenheit. (4)Humidity: Proper humidity helps create conditions that permit harmful organisms and molds to flourish. During vegetative period the ideal humidity required is 40 to 65% and 40 to 60% for flowering. (5)Lights: For hydroponics vegetable plantation the light cycle required is 18 hours light on and 6 hours light off. For flowering it is 12 hours with light on and 12 hours with light off. Of course the exact hours of light cycle may change depending on the plant. 6) Lighting: You need fluorescent lighting for early cuttings and cloning and forhydroponics vegetable growth you’ll need High Pressure Sodium and metal halide; for vegetative growth lighting 60% halide and 40% HPS; for floral growth high pressure sodium only and no metal halide. (7)Light coverage: For 10 square feet of space you need 400 watt bulb and for 20 square feet you need 1000 watt light. You can accordingly extend the cove rage areas. (8)Light measurement: The unit for measuring light is called Lumen and a plant should receive 3000 lumens to grow faster. 9)Plant tops to lights distance:Remember, if hydroponics plants get too close to hydroponics lights they can be damaged severely. The distance between the plants top and lights should be 2. 5 feet. (10)Grow media: Processed coconut rusks, coco coir, perlite, lava rocks etc. (11)Air circulation: Your grow room should have at least one fan no matter what’s the size of your grow room. For roots ideal pH is 6. 5. Overall, the main advantages of hydroponics over soil culture are more effectient nutrition regulation, availability in regions of the world having nonarable land, effecient use of water and fertilizers, ease and low cost of sterilization of the medium, and higher density planting, leading to increased yields per acre. In hydroponics, soil free mediums are used for starting seeds and providing support to the plant. Plant roots need both air and water and so a perfect medium is one that is able to hold a nearly equal concentration of air and water. The determining factor in water/air holding capacity of a medium is the small spaces between each granule or fiber. There are many types of sterile substances with varying water/air holding capacities which can be used as a medium. Most common media types are – Coco peat, Perlite, Expanded clay pellets, Rockwool. You could also use sand, gravel, saw dust, sponge as grow media. Coco Peat:  Our favorite loose growing medium is Coconut Fiber or Coco peat. It represents a major step forward in organic soil free potting mediums. It has the water retention of vermiculite and the air retention of perlite. It is a completely organic medium made from coconut husks. Ground up and sterilized coco peat offers plants the perfect rooting medium and protection against root diseases and fungus infestation. Coco peat is a completely renewable resource, unlike peat moss which is rapidly becoming depleted from overuse. Perlite:  Perlite has been around for the longest time of all these soilfree mediums. Made from air-puffed glass pellets, and literally as light as air, Perlite has excellent oxygen retention which is the main reason it is used as a supplement in soil and soilfree mixes. The main drawback of Perlite is that because it is so lightweight, it is easily washed away and makes a poor medium in flood and flush type systems. Expanded Clay Pellets:  Expanded clay pellets maintain water by virtue of their porosity and surface area. This medium is pH neutral and reusable, making them ideal for hydroponic systems. The main drawback is that it cannot retain moisture for a long period of lime. Rockwool:  Rockwool is made from molten rock which is spun into long, glass-like fibers. Rockwool has good water to air capacity and is widely used as a starting medium for seeds and a rooting medium for cuttings. CommercialSome commercial installations use no  pesticides  or  herbicides, preferring  integrated pest management  techniques. There is often a price premium willingly paid by consumers for produce that is labelled organic. Some states in the USA require soil as an essential to obtain  organic certification. There are also overlapping and somewhat contradictory rules established by the US Federal Government, so some food grown with hydroponics can be certified  organic. Hydroponics also saves water; it uses as little as  1? 20  the amount as a regular farm to produce the same amount of food. The  water table  can be impacted by the water use and  run-off  of chemicals from farms, but hydroponics may minimize impact as well as having the advantage that water use and water returns are easier to measure. This can save the farmer money by allowing reduced water use and the ability to measure consequences to the land around a farm. To increase plant growth, lighting systems such as  metal halide lamps  for growing stage only or  high-pressure sodium  for growing/flowering/blooming stage are used to lengthen the day or to supplement natural sunshine if it is scarce. Metal halide emits more light in the blue spectrum, making it ideal for plant growth but is harmful to unprotected skin and can cause skin cancer. High-pressure sodium emits more light in the red spectrum, meaning that it is best suited for supplementing natural sunshine and can be used throughout the growing cycle. However, these lighting systems require large amounts of electricity to operate, making efficiency and safety very critical. The environment in a hydroponics  greenhouse  is tightly controlled for maximum efficiency, and this new mindset is called soil-less/controlled-environment agriculture  (CEA). With this growers can make ultra-premium foods anywhere in the world, regardless of temperature and growing seasons. Growers monitor the temperature, humidity, and pH level constantly. Hydroponics have been used to enhance vegetables to provide more nutritional value. A hydroponic farmer in Virginia has developed a calcium and potassium enriched head of lettuce, scheduled to be widely available in April 2007. Grocers in test markets have said that the lettuce sells very well, and the farmers claim that their hydroponic lettuce uses 90% less water than traditional soil farming Let’s talk about Commercial Hydroponics†¦Ã‚   | | With many years of experience HydroGarden is the UK leader in hydroponics. We have assisted many growers develop their businesses with our access to experts and consultants in a wide range of topics including plant biochemistry, analytical chemistry, commercial growers with crop specific knowledge, commercial installation experience and much more. Several directors within HydroGarden have owned and operated their own commercial hydroponic operations. Hydroponics is also now recognised as an important research tool. It has particular advantages where various controls are needed such as the pharmaceutical industry and other areas of research where a clean root system is required for instance. In Australia hydroponics production has risen from 155 hectares in 1990 to 500 hectares in 1996. This growth continues. In progressive, forward thinking countries throughout the world the commercial hydroponics industry has increased 4-5 fold during the last 10 years. It is currently estimated that the area under hydroponic cultivation is between 20,000 and 25,000 hectares with a farm gate value of US$6-8 billion. HydroGarden believes that the future lies in locally grown and sold produce, limiting the ‘road miles’ applied to today’s food supplies. Whilst export opportunities will occur, the main development will be that smaller niche, locally based growers will sell to supermarkets, farmers markets and wholesale operations as well as the consumer direct. This method of growing our food is a more sustainable model than those currently practised. Today’s consumer has become increasingly aware of health and environmental issues, even water consumption and availability†¦these are all drivers for the further development of hydroponic growing techniques. As a company HydroGarden can assist you to identify the most suitable system for your crop, location, skills and needs. We understand that different plants require different systems in different locations and as such can offer those systems how and when you need them†¦ Why use Hydroponics? | | There are 5 forces threatening long term crop and food production in open field situations:1  Increasing ultraviolet radiation2  Decreasing fresh water supplies and water quality3  Increasing top soil erosion and soil degradation4  Increasing resistance of insect pests and plant diseases to traditional chemical controls5  A convergence of natural cycles leading to extreme weather conditionsFurther, open field production is hindered because the grower has no control over the growing environment. The result is that the grower cannot predict yields and is unable to budget effectively. The field grower cannot always ensure adequate aeration of the rootzone during periods of extended rainfall. The results might be any of the following:Anaerobic conditions will benefit the proliferation of fungus (Phytophthora sp. ) and nematodes that will attack the roots and eventually kill the plant. Roots need oxygen to respire and therefore are not productive when the soil is saturated for long periods. Beneficial soil borne micro-organisms are eliminated, therefore exposing the roots to fungal and bacterial attack. Rain and excessive irrigation on the soil will leach essential nutrients from the root profile. Nitrates can be washed through the soil profile and pollute streams, reservoirs and the sea. Hydroponic nutrient solutions can be tailored to the plant requirements whereas in the field there is a tendency to over or under-fertilise. Nutrients in the soil are often fixed as insoluble compounds that are not available to plants and therefore a loss to the grower. SOIL GROWNSmall plant big root | HYDROPONICALLY GROWNBig plant small root | Looking at the benefits | | Irrigation water in field grown operations cannot be effectively recycled. Hydroponics can reduce irrigation water usage by 70% to 90% by recycling the run-off water. As water becomes scarce and more important as a resource, the use of hydroponics and other water saving technologies will increase. Fungal disease can be significantly reduced through controlled humidity. Hydroponic systems will reduce the amount of exposed moisture in the growing environment. Hydroponics will effectively prevent wetting the leaf surfaces which, in normal agriculture, provides the fungal spores with the perfect medium to proliferate. All labour inputs associated with soil management, such as digging and weeding are substantially reduced with hydroponics. The use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in protected environments is ideally suited to hydroponic growing techniques, especially when carried out in a protected environment such as a glasshouse or plastic/polythene tunnels. The use of IPM can virtually eliminate the need to use toxic and expensive chemical insecticides. Taking all the above into account, it is easy to see why protected cropping in general and hydroponics especially is becoming increasingly important. A hydroponically grown greenhouse plant:Can be protected from increasing and damaging UV radiationOffers the possibility of safe biological control of insect pests and diseasesUses water that is reclaimed and reusedAllows nutrients to be reclaimed, re-balanced and re-usedCan be protected from unpredictable weather patternsHas a good root system that is at reduced risk from contaminants and diseasesMakes very efficient use of labour, which is increasingly expensive in western conomiesCan be grown to take full advantage of their genetic potential and produce outstanding crops by using optimum nutrient formulationsCan be producing at times when market prices are highestCombine these factors with increasing public concern over food safety, pesticide residues and fungicide use; it is easy to see that the future of crop production favours hydroponic and greenhouse production. Especially when premium prices can be obtained and the demand is sustainable. Global diversity†¦ | | Lettuce, strawberries and cut flowers are well known commercial hydroponic crops in Australia, and have been for the past decade and more. Tomatoes, pepper, cucumbers and cut flowers form the bulk of Dutch hydroponic crops. A number of UK growers have successful cucumber and tomato operations and many herb growers are moving into this form of cultivation. Nowadays plants for essential oils, rare herbs, medicinal plants and Chinese vegetables such as pak choi are more recent crops of great interest. There is a developing interest in growing plants for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical use. It is possible to grow practically any commercial crops hydroponically. Commercial growers have been producing superbly flavoured hydroponic tomatoes for many years. Speciality crops and even fruit trees can all be grown hydroponically. We have recently learnt of a commercial hydroponic potato business in the Southern Hemisphere ! We are seeing an increasing interest in the production of cut herbs and salad crops, driven by the demand for convenience foods that are also seen as ‘healthy’. The production of cut flowers is itself a huge market, the introduction of new more exotic plant types lends itself to hydroponic production as a means of growing the best quality from the outset and therefore making it more difficult for cheaper lower quality crops to compete. We expect, in time, to see an increase in demand for edible flowers, especially for use in restaurants and hotel complexes. Even fruit trees can be grown this way. In fact there are very few plants that cannot be grown hydroponically, the choice for a commercial operation is a pure economic one. We produce a number of separate data sheets relating to various crop types and opportunities, this information includes some basic plant growing information as well as recommended or typical system types suitable for the crop. Whilst it is not exhaustive it will give the reader an idea of the potential for hydroponic crop production. Commercial systems†¦ | | All commercial systems are active, in that some form of pump or feeding device is used to deliver fresh nutrient solution to the plants in an ongoing basis. These systems are more productive and are therefore the only type suitable for commercial production. Of the active systems available they break down into either re-circulating or run to waste; run to waste systems are becoming less popular as environmental concerns and legislation restricts, or even prohibits, nutrient run off. However, if the run off can be managed to obtain a zero figure, these systems still have their place. As a company we encourage the use of re-circulating systems to maximise resource utilisation, but this is not always possible in certain circumstances.

Fundamentals of Skillful Story Writing for Our Readers Only!

Fundamentals of Skillful Story Writing for Our Readers Only! How to Write a Good Story Although a common hobby and a way of time spending, writing has not become any easier since the Ancient Greek times. Every person out of two blogs, and every one out of five is ‘working on the book of his life’ that ends up in a fireplace after no publisher accepted it. Truth be told, way too many people think themselves a true Hemingway reborn. If you are made of a different material and actually want to learn to write well, here are a few recommendations we scraped up for aspiring writers. Do not start writing unless you are in a resourceful state. Make yourself write random things, if need be, until you feel that your brain is ready for productive work. Excluding large historical novels, every piece of writing is based on everyday life, and this is where you should scoop up your inspiration. Look around, remember and process if you want your writing to be natural. There are various techniques for working on a literary work. You can just let yourself go and write, then cutting and modifying ruthlessly at the editing stage, or you can work out the plot before you turn on your laptop. The only obligatory thing is to work out your characters before you make them interact with each other. Do not be afraid to write about unattractive things (Like George Martin does, for instance). Dark and sinister events tend to attract readers. Five senses should be appealed to with no exceptions. This is what makes you writing ‘alive’. One of the tricks is using a so-called ‘hypnotic writing’ that will capture your reader until the very end. There are lists of words to use for this purpose, and the word ‘story’ is one of them. More on hypnotic writing is available online. Make the reader empathize. Make him laugh and cry with you, make him feel sorry for your characters and feel satisfied when justice is done. Your writing cannot be plain. It must have emotional bumps and gashes. Last but not least, do not under or overestimate intelligence of your reader. In both cases, it will be annoying. Learn your audience before you start writing. At: ozzz.org  you may find some more new and interesting information on the issu?

Site Surveying Procedures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Site Surveying Procedures - Essay Example Uren. J. & W.F.P. (1999) Surveying device, consisting of a visual structure for collimating a measuring position, a driving unit for performing scanning in a dimension range said visual structure, a distance-measuring unit comprising a radiance gesture detachment measuring scheme, an image pickup unit for captivating an illustration in the size range, an icon meting out unit for performing reflection meting out to haul out edges from the image pulled out up, and a control mathematics operation unit for choosing a position near the periphery as a measuring position on the figure singled out for controlling supposed distance-measuring unit to carry out surveying procedure of the measuring position. Uren. J. & W.F.P. (1999) Three-dimensional data is normally surveyed on an object as this flat within a predetermined range; however the past has gripped this model of surveying on an object such as building within a predetermined range, there have been disadvantages in the past in that much time was required and there was limitation in acquired amount of the surveying data because an operator must determine a measuring point and surveying operation must be carried out one point after another. By the use of automatic instruments, surveying operation is automated, raster scanning is performed by determining a range with fine pitch, and a vast amount of 3-dimensional surveying data can be collected more quickly than in the operation by the surveying operator. A great number of measuring points are required and storage capacity o a storage device to store the data at the measuring points also must be large. In case unnecessary data is incorporated as measuring data, the continuity of the data may be lost, and the measurement must be repeatedly carried out in many cases. Tifadi, T. & Booth, D.W. (1997) To obtain the site configuration through the